REC, Inc. and seatle coffee products Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

REC, Inc. and seatle coffee products - Essay Example On the basis of the previous results the company prepares projected income statement for the next accounting period in order to estimate the likely outcome of its operations and sales. This also helps the company to determine variances observed in the actual financial results of the company. The company’s expectations from its business for the complete year 2004 are given as budgeted income statement in Exhibit 2 which indicate that the company expects a monthly average profit of $60,000 (Profit Before Taxes: $720,000/12). These projections are based on the expected number of sales of equivalent units for the year 2004 i.e. the company estimated sale of 10,000 equivalent units which implies an average monthly sale of 830 or 840 units. Based on the comparison between the actual financial results of REC, Inc. and its budgeted income statement it could be ascertained that the company’s profit results for the month January 2004 have felt short by $78,000. This has been against the expectation of the company’s management as the business followed the trend that it has experienced in the last few years related to the market conditions and business cycle. The variation in the actual financial results from the budgeted income statement can be evaluated by examining every element of the actual income statement and comparing it to the budgeted figures for these elements. One of the limitations of the above presented budgeted financials on a monthly basis is that it does not take into account the changes in the business cycle and market conditions which may occur during the financial period. For example, sales of the business could be affected due to the seasonal downturn in a particular month. Therefore, better analysis would have been possible if the company was preparing budgeted income statement on a monthly basis. The table above indicates that the

The rate of catalase action Essay Example for Free

The rate of catalase action Essay I have to wear goggles, prevent any accidents that can damage my eyes I have to make sure I handle all the glassware carefully I have to handle the hydrogen peroxide very carefully because it is very toxic Method 1. Set up the experiment according to the diagram 2. Measure 10 cm of catalase (celery juice) 3. Measure 10 cm of Hydrogen Peroxide 4. Pour the catalase into the conical flask 5. Fill the burette with water 6. Pour the hydrogen peroxide into the conical flask and close the bung and start the timer 7. Record the volume of gas given off every 10 seconds () 8. Mix hydrogen peroxide with pure water to give the following percentage of concentration of acid: 100%, 80%, 60%, 40% and 20% 9. Repeat 1 8 using the 100%, 80%, 60%, 40% and 20% hydrogen peroxide 10. Repeat the whole experiment three times to get a more reliable result 11. Plot graphs for each concentration -volume of gas collected against time 12. Draw best-fit lines Diagram Analysis After I have done the experiment, I have got the results: 1st result Time (Seconds) Volume of gas collected when there is 100% of H O (cm ). Volume of gas collected when there is 80% of H O (cm ) Volume of gas collected when there is 20% of H O (cm ) 1. 5 2. 6 3. 7 5. 0 6. 2 7. 5 8. 6 9. 6 Now I am going to draw the graphs volume of gas collected against time. The graphs shows a curve best-fit line that means whenever the concentration increases, the volume of gas that was collected in the given time increases but the volume of gas collected increase at a slower rate at the end. The 100% concentration produced the most oxygen in the shortest time, which gives it a higher reaction rate than the others. According to the graph, it has proven my prediction is correct. The highest concentration would produce the most oxygen in the shortest time. The volume of gas collected increases at a slower rate at the end because the towards the end, there are less substrate and enzyme left, so it takes longer to react and releases the gas(oxygen). The rate of reaction is a measure of how fast the reaction takes place. A reaction will take place when the particles of the reacting substances collide with each other and a fixed amount of energy called the activation energy is reached. If a collision between particles can produce sufficient energy (i. e. if they collide fast enough and in the right direction) a reaction will take place. This is called the Collision Theory for rates of reaction. Concentration of the substrate increases, the greater the rate of reaction will be because higher concentration means a higher number of particles in a given volume. If there are more particles, there will be more reaction. More reaction means a larger number of successful collisions. Therefore the catalase action rate will increase. Also, the particles are closer together, so they can collide more often. The more often they collide, the chance of reaction happening increases. So the catalase action rate increases. Evaluation I think the results are very good that I can use them to support what I predicted at the beginning. I also have enough evidence to support my conclusion. The points on my graph are not very close to the best-fit line which is due to the large scale I used, so the gap seems to be bigger. But the points let me draw reasonable best-fit lines and they also show the pattern I expect. I think I can still rely on the results because they show the general pattern for each concentration. I know my results are reliable because they fitted my prediction and it also enables me to explain the relation between concentration and rate of catalase reaction. Also, I repeated my experiment three times to obtain the results, so I know they are reliable. The appropriate apparatus I used, increases the accuracy of the results. I think my experiment is quite successful as I can collect results that help me to draw some accurate graphs except there are a few anomalous points. I think this happened because: 1) I did not close the bung quick enough and some gas leak out which cause a decrease in the readings 2) I did not use the same celery each time because 1 celery does not provide sufficient catalase for the whole experiment which can cause increase or decrease to the readings 3) The temperature is slightly different as I did the experiment in three different days which can cause increase or decrease to the readings I think there is a better way of doing it that is to have a tap at the top. When I open it, the hydrogen peroxide will drop down into the catalase and I do not need to put the bung on because the bung is put on top of the tap which means no gas will leak out. Also, when I time it with a stopwatch, it will not be as accurate as using computers to time because human has reaction time that will increase the time taken and this will make the experiment less accurate. I can do the experiment in this way: For this experiment, I have used celery as a source of catalase, other than this; I can use potatoes or liver that may affect the time taken to collect gas, as they are different. Further experiment Planning Apparatus A 50cm conical flask with a bung A burette Clamps and stand Delivery tube Container 10cm measuring cylinder A stopwatch. 20 vol of hydrogen peroxide Potato tubes (catalase) Safety control I have to make sure all the school bags and chairs are under the table, in case I trip over I have to wear goggles, prevent any accidents that can damage my eyes I have to make sure I handle all the glassware carefully I have to handle the hydrogen peroxide very carefully because it is very toxic Method 1. Set up the experiment according to the diagram 2. Measure 10 g of catalase (potato juice) 3. Measure 10 cm of Hydrogen Peroxide 4. Pour the catalase into the conical flask 5. Fill the burette with water 6.Set up the light sensor and the computer 7. Turn on the tap and start the computer at the same time 8. Record the volume of gas given off every 10 seconds (10s, 20s, 30s, 40s, 50s, 60s, 70s and 80s) 9. Mix hydrogen peroxide with pure water to give the following percentage of concentration of acid: 100%, 80%, 60%, 40% and 20% 10. Repeat 1 9 using the 100%, 80%, 60%, 40% and 20% hydrogen peroxide 11. Repeat the whole experiment three times to get a more accurate result 12. Plot graphs for different concentration- volume of gas collected against time 13. Draw best-fit lines 14.

Realizing Mistakes in James Joyces Araby Essay -- Araby Essays

Many times in life, people set unrealistic expectations for themselves or for other people. This is not a very wise thing to do because people often feel disappointed and embarrassed for getting their hopes up so high. One good example of this is the narrator in the short story, Araby, by James Joyce. In the story Araby, a young man develops an infatuation with his friend, Magan’s, sister. Because his infatuation is so strong, he fears he will be unable to express his feelings to her, so when she mentions she cannot go to the local bazaar she has wanted to attend, he seizes this as a perfect opportunity and volunteers to buy her a gift. In the characters mind, giving Magan’s sister a gift will help him earn her attention and maybe in the long run, her affection. With this in mind, the character gets so excited, that he sets his hopes unrealistically high. When he finally arrives at the bazaar, it is then that he realizes his foolishness and decides not to buy her a gift . The narrator feels â€Å"driven and derided by vanity† (128) because he has set his expectations unrealistically high a...

Personal Experience Essay -- Learning Education Teacher Essays

Personal Experience I have had the great opportunity to be apart of a great program and class at college. Most of us who are going to become teachers know about this class and the required 80 hours of volunteering at a middle school for a semester. I was eager to volunteer, because I have experience in working with middle school kids. The school I work for, has prepared me to handle school aged kids, so I was relying on my background to carry me though the semester at a new Middle school. The privileges of a private school are a lot different from an inner city school. When I began to volunteer at Baker I was shocked to discover that the students were not allowed to take books home to finish their school work. When it came time to read a book the teacher would distribute the books to the students, but then recollect them afterwards. At Denver Academy, the teachers purchase and distribute the books to the class and the students get to keep the books forever. I was about to find out how hard it is for these students to be motivated to attend school everyday when these kids are lacking a stable environment. I was leaving my comfort zone to enter an entirely different type of school environment. The first day of my volunteering at Baker middle school was filled with apprehension, because I was entering an entirely new situation and leaving the safety of Denver Academy behind. As I walked into the classroom, it was as if there were a hundred eyes staring in my direction. As quickly as the stares came, they went away as if I was not even there anymore. I could only imagine what kind of thoughts and questions were going through their heads. I’m sure the first question would be why... ... lot they can learn from the students a Baker, because even though some of the students don’t care about education. There are some students who do, and they are given the tools they need to make it through. The students at Baker are just happy to have someone show an interest in what they are doing. I saw it in their eyes when I gave them praise on something they did during the time I was there. That praise can carry a student along way which to me is rewarding in it self. I can only hope that the time I spent with these students can encourage at least a few to continue on the academic path and make a name for them selves later in life. These kids deserve every opportunity we can give them and I am proud to be a piece of the big picture. We can only guess how hard it is for these students, so let’s make sure we give them a safe and helping hand along the way.

English Exit Exam Essay

My writing journey this semester has been a roller coaster. Since the beginning of this course I have improved in so many different areas. When I first began in this class, I didn’t have a clue how to start my essays. I wasn’t very good with being descriptive either. On top of that, revising was something I hated to do. My writing process was very messy and organization was never something I considered when writing a paper. Since taking this class my skills in organization, revision, and description have improved tremendously. I wasn’t a big fan of drafting before I started this class. My writing process has always been all over the place. I could be writing paragraph one and then skip to paragraph four for no apparent reason. Sometimes I would just write different paragraphs on different pieces of papers and then put them all together afterwards. In this class I was taught why drafting is so important to my writing process. It helped me be more organized and less stressed. My mind was in one place and on track, rather than all over the place. If drafting and organizational skills weren’t already big enough issues to deal with, then revision definitely was. In the past, I hated having to read over my paper repeatedly until it was near perfect. On top of that, event though my personality is big, it doesn’t mean I’m big on sharing my work. I was scared that if I made a simple mistake the person revising my paper would think I was stupid. After reading over some of my classmates’ papers I learned they made some of the same mistakes as me. Then I came to realize I’m only human and I’m going to make mistakes. It was something I had to get use to and I’m glad I fixed that problem in my life. Even though I did a lot of writing in my English class, there were other things we had to do also. Almost every night we had to read in our textbook. The textbook taught me a lot about the right and wrong things to do while writing. It also explained to me the different styles of writing and gave plenty of examples. Not only did I read the book, but I finished an online writing class. This Writing Class was mainly about grammar and how to correct grammar errors. Before writing class, I really didn’t know how to use commas. I would guess most of the time and hope I was right. I should have known one day it was going to catch up with me and it did. Luckily for me, I had a wonderful professor to teach me and help me with my problem. After studying my professor’s lecture and doing the online activities, I was ready to take the online quiz. When I took it, I passed it with flying colors. I really worked hard in all the subjects in Writing Class and I ended up passing all of the quizzes, even the post test. I was recently instructed to revise two of my previous essays I’ve written in class for my portfolio. I automatically knew which ones I wanted to revise. My first one was about my writing journey throughout life. I needed to be more descriptive and also had some grammatical errors to fix. The essay was based upon how I used to read to my peers in Pre-K, which led to me making my own short stories. It also tells about the time I had my poem published in high school by my teacher. Not being descriptive was the main problem I had with this essay. When I wrote my draft I didn’t paint a picture for my audience to see where I was coming from. Instead of saying â€Å"The big red chair†, I would just write, â€Å"the chair† and the difference in these two quotes are obvious and can automatically tell which one is more descriptive. With many changes made to this essay I would say I worked really hard on this one. Especially since it was a more personal subject, I put a lot of work into it. My second essay assignment was to write about a club or organization on campus. The purpose of the essay was to get new college students to join the club of my choice. I chose ROTC because I was a part of it in high school. I love the feeling I got from my lieutenant and cadets. We were all like a big family and kept up with each other a lot. From speaking to a former cadet that attends GGC, I have confirmed that ROTC is the same at this school in many aspects. When writing my draft, again, I didn’t explain things thoroughly. I needed more evidence to support my claims. In many sentences I didn’t use the right word either. Misspelled words and comma splices were all through my paper. When I took the time to revise it, I was able to fix these problems. Instead of letting Microsoft Word find my mistakes, I carefully read through it and did it myself. I reviewed the comma splice lesson and was able to find where those were in my paper. When I did more research on the club, I was able to add more details to my paper. In no time my final copy looked completely from where I started. As a child I was told hard work will definitely pay off. With all my hard work in the class I am hoping that it will surely pay off in me exiting this class early. I have learned to revise my papers, be more descriptive, correct grammatical errors, and last but not least have an organized writing process. With the skills I’ve learned in this class I will be able to succeed in my other classes. Every class in college has some form of writing so I will never get away from it. In order to succeed in my major, I will need to take my writing seriously. It is amazing how I was able to learn so much in so little time. I am glad I was able to fix my faults and write a great paper. I think you will enjoy my portfolio and be more than happy to pass me.

Lebenseborn essays

Lebenseborn essays The topic of eugenics cannot be discussed without encountering the Holocaust, but this is as it should be. When contemporary geneticists, genetics counselors and clinical geneticists wonder why it is that genetics receives special attention from those concerned with ethics, the answer is simple and can be found in history. The events which led to the sterilization, torture and murder of millions of Jews, Gypsies, Slavs and children of mixed racial heritage in the years just before and during the era of the Third Reich in Germany were rooted firmly in the science of genetics (Muller-Hill, 1988). Rooted not in fringe, lunatic science but in the mainstream of reputable genetics in what was indisputably the most advanced scientific and technological society of its day. The pursuit of genetic purity in the name of public health led directly to Dachau, Treblinka, Ravensbruck and Auschwitz. As early as 1931 influential geneticists such as Fritz Lenz were referring to National Socialism as "applied biology" in their textbooks (Caplan, 1992). As difficult as it is for many contemporary scientists to accept (Caplan, 1992; Kater, 1992), mainstream science provided a good deal of enthusiastic scientific support for the virulent racism that fueled the killing machine of the Third Reich. When the Nazis came to power they were obsessed with securing the racial purity of the German people. The medical and biomedical communities in Germany not only endorsed this concern with "negative eugenics," they had fostered it. Racial hygiene swept through German biology, public health, medicine and anthropology in the 1920s and 1930s, long before the Nazis came to power (Weiss, 1987, Muller-Hill, 1988; Proctor, 1988; Kater, 1992). Many in the medical profession urged the Nazi leadership to undertake social policies that might lead to enhancing or increasing the genetic fitness of the German people (Kater, 1992). Eugenics consumed the German med...

Raise The Red Lantern

Raise The Red Lantern The story of Raise the Red Lantern is about the life of a 19-year-old girl, Songlian who married a rich old man as his forth concubine. She was forced to marry him by her stepmother because her father had passed away. From then on, Songlian has to fight for her own power in the family, that is, to gain the chance to light up her lantern which means the master, Chen would stay with her for the night but not the other wives. However she is not happy with the rules of the house, the rivalries between wives as well as the loneliness she has to bear. She even can‚ ¡Ã‚‚ ¦t get along with her maid, Yan‚ ¡Ã‚‚ ¦er. With lots of incidents happened which finally drove her crazy.Raise the Red LanternIn the film, we can detect the low status of women in society as well as in the family. Women have to live in a closed, dictatorial house and are not allowed to work outside in the society like the master, Chen. They are either wives or concubines or servants. Though they may have little power, theirs are only a domestic ones, and their power is just to influence other women.In the family, they have to share a husband. They are just like men‚ ¡Ã‚‚ ¦s toys. Every night Chen can choose who he wants to join for the night. But what about the concubines? Standing there like prostitutes waiting for the result of whose lantern would be light up. Their life-long career is to serve men. It is clear to us that women need to depend on men in that family. Their struggle for the chance to bear a male child is the only way for them to gain a little bit more power. The film also indicates the low status of women...

Edmontonia - Facts and Figures

Edmontonia - Facts and Figures Name: Edmontonia (from Edmonton); pronounced ED-mon-TOE-nee-ah Habitat: Woodlands of North America Historical Period: Late Cretaceous (75-65 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 20 feet long and three tons Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Low-slung body; sharp spikes on shoulders; lack of tail club About Edmontonia Edmonton in Canada is one of the few regions in the world with two dinosaurs named after itthe duck-billed herbivore Edmontosaurus, and the armored nodosaur Edmontonia. However, you should bear in mind that Edmontonia was named not after the city, but after the Edmonton Formation where it was discovered; theres no evidence that it actually lived in the environs of Edmonton itself. The type specimen of this dinosaur was discovered in Canadas Alberta Province in 1915, by the swashbuckling fossil hunter Barnum Brown, and initially assigned as a species of the nodosaur genus Palaeoscincus (ancient skink), a classification that fortunately never caught on. Naming issues aside, Edmontonia was a formidable dinosaur, with its bulky, low-slung body, armor plating along its back, andmost intimidatinglythe sharp spikes jutting out from its shoulders, which may have been used to deter predators or to fight other males for the right to mate (or both). Some paleontologists also believe Edmontonia was capable of producing honking sounds, which would truly have made it the SUV of nodosaurs. (By the way, Edmontosaurus and other nodosaurs lacked the tail clubs of classic armored dinosaurs like Ankylosaurus, which may or may not have made them more vulnerable to predation by tyrannosaurs and raptors.)

You can chose from the instruction that I attarched Research Paper

You can chose from the instruction that I attarched - Research Paper Example This essay discusses acupuncture and the ways in which its appliances help in the healing process of the body, mind and spirit. Acupuncture relieves the body’s utilities and stimulates the natural self-healing progression by triggering particular anatomic points typically known as acupoints or acupuncture points. The most typical technique employed to stimulate acupuncture points is the injecting of fine, sterilized needles into specific site of the body. Electrical stimulation, heat, or pressure may promote more impact of acupuncture. Additional acupoint stimulation methods comprise of linaments, heat therapy or moxibustion, cupping, manual massage and the use of topical herbal medicines (Bruno, 2012). Customary Chinese Medicine is centered on an early philosophy that refers to the world and the body, in reference of two contrasting energies: yin and yang. If these energies happen to be in balance, then the body is healthy. Force, known as "qi" moves along particular passageways, named meridians, all over the body. This continuous movement of force maintains the yin and yang energies in balance. Nevertheless, if the movement of force gets jammed, the blockage can lead to illness, lack of function, or pain. Acupuncture treatment can cleared â€Å"qi† in the body and arouse function, inducing the physical, natural restoration reaction through numerous physiological systems. Contemporary studies have proved acupuncture’s impact on the cardiovascular system, immune systems and endocrine, nervous system and digestive system. Through stimulating the body’s different systems, acupuncture can assist to heal pain, and enhance sleep and a sense of comfort (Cim.ucsd, 201 5). To start with, the acupuncturist attending will query about the general health history of the client. After that, he or she will scrutinize the tongue’s coating, color, and shape, feel the client’s pulse and maybe perform some extra bodily checkups relying on the person health requirement.

Erik Larson's Devil In the White City Term Paper

Erik Larson's Devil In the White City - Term Paper Example The official name of the â€Å"Devil in the White City† was the World’s Columbian Exposition. Burnham, the competent architect of the Colombian World’s Fair made Chicago the white City with his construction and masterpieces. Actually, the story of The Devil in the White City is about two main characters Holmes and Denial Hudson Burnham. White City represented the Chicago at its good; the awful killing of Holmes surely qualified for the darkest side of the city. Holmes operated his mansion as a hotel during the fair. It was really a horror house. Many women came in Chicago in search of jobs and got attracted towards him for jobs or stayed in his hotel during the fair and were not sighted again. Holmes gasconaded that he had murdered not less than 27 women in his lifetime. After murder he sold their skeletons and other parts to any medical college or others. This story revealed the contrasts of city Chicago that was filled with both bright and dark aspects. One mig ht easily debate that city has not changed yet in this respect. Burnham, the man of principles and having high capabilities presented the bright aspect of life. He built the World’s Famous Fair in Chicago and gained a lot of popularity. His efforts towards this achievement showed all about the White City. The author presented Chicago’s brighter parts in the character of Burnham and evils in the character of Holmes and referred as Black City. ... In short, The Devil in the White City is an attracting and delighting description of a sensational period in Chicago’s history. Eric Larson, the author of the â€Å"Devil in the White City† has described the two aspect of human nature in his writing, good and evil. It is a natural phenomenon of life where there is good there is also evil and wickedness. By saying the Black City to Chicago, it means to show the evil aspect of Chicago, where a serial killer has an appetite of killing young women in the disguise of a well-known famous doctor, H.H Holmes. He had made a Fair Hotel where he seduced women and killed them bitterly. After their death, he sold their body parts and skeletons. Larson has tried to show the dual aspects of Holmes and Burnham. Chicago had a great reputation in cultural as well economical fields. The World Exposition had created a lot of opportunities for the country. People came there in search of new opportunities of jobs and some went back and other stayed there. The Fair also created jobs opportunities at a time when economy was not good and there was recession. Although it took a lot of time to become stable after the Fair, Chicago got the state what it should be. But along this fame and repute there is evil and wicked thing that Dr. H.H Holmes got chances to kill a lot of women just for money and his inner satisfaction. Therefore author refers the Chicago as the Black City. Chicago World‘s Fair of 1893 proves a great turning point in the history of America. According to Erick, The Fair literally changed America. It also showed the condition of Chicago that needed the reform action in areas like worker’s right, sanitation, law enforcement and many more. In spite of it, the city’s businessmen and architects made the reputation of

Response Structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Response Structure - Essay Example Road incidents cause congestion on highways and freeways. Because of the importance of traffic incidents, crisis management providers of service, and law enforcement agencies are working towards â€Å"incident management† in many cities of United State. It can be defined as a planned, organized, and methodical utilization of institutional, technical, scientific, industrial, perfunctory resources to lessen the time and shock of incidents, and enhance the safety of victims and motorists and car riders on the highways in case of road incidents. (Balke, K.N. Fenno, D.W., Ullman, B. (November 2002)). Intensity of incident management differs considerably from one state to another. In many areas, an intricate traffic control system that make use of video observation cameras and other automatic accident exposure systems to watch the freeways and also to counter possible incidents situations. Other areas like Texas use service patrols or motorist supportive patrols that go about the freeways and monitor incidents and give adequate help to vehicles or put immobilized vehicles off the roads. (Balke, K.N. Fenno, D.W., Ullman, B. (November 2002). Evaluation of the incident management system is the measurement of own incident management system to the set goals or objectives. By the use of performance evaluation, agencies can achieve the following: The Coordinator of Texas State Incident Management Team, Bob Koenig, believes that to increase the State’s potential for managing incidents in Texas should be guided by multiple periods of operations, by using various resources and also by following several authorities. He works for the missions for Hurricane response. (Koenig, B. (2010) In many areas all cross the United States of America, different societies work for different parts of the process of incident management. Their sole objective is protecting people and working for their betterment. (Balke, K.N. Fenno,

How significant are maritime issues in the Indian Ocean in terms of Essay

How significant are maritime issues in the Indian Ocean in terms of overall global security and stability - Essay Example The Ocean is bounded by three landmasses and ranks as the world third largest ocean or water body. The Indian Ocean is a discrete geographical entity and surrounded by long-standing disagreements (Institute for Security Studies 2012). The Indian Ocean region comprises of the following nations in Africa: South Africa, Mozambique, Tanzania, Kenya, Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea, Sudan, and Egypt (Institute for Security Studies 2012). The Middle East countries include Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, and the United Arabs Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Iran. The South Asian nations include Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka (Institute for Security Studies 2012). Additionally, the South East Asia countries include Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Burma, and Thailand (Institute for Security Studies 2012). Lastly, the Island states include Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles, Reunion (France), Mayotte (France), Comoros, Maldives, and British Indian Ocean Territory (Institute for Security Studies 2012). The economic viability of Indian Ocean stems from its choke points. They serve as major trade routes for global oil transportation, and their disruption can cause delays in delivery of goods and services all over the world. Some of the importance choke points are discussed in subsequent paragraphs. Strait of Hormuz: This choke point is located between Oman and Iran and connects the Persian Gulf to Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea (Kopp 2012). It is considered as the global choke point because of the daily flow of oil to about 17 million barrels as at 2011 (Kopp 2012). The flow through this choke point stood at 35% of all seaborne trade, which was equivalent to 20% of worldwide oil purchased in 2011. Most of the crude oil exports went to Asian markets such as Japan, India, South Korea, and China. The chokepoint is also important to Qatar because it exports approximately two trillion cubic feet of liquefied natural gas each year, accounting for about

Critical Context in law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Critical Context in law - Essay Example By proving that either they or any of their ancestors were born in the EU b. By going through a Naturalization Process and obtaining a Residence Permit for living in a EU country under legal conditions However, Karl and Gabriel Kasparov hailed from Kazakhstan and thus could not have secured EU citizenship through their origin or family descent. Kazakhstan was not a member country of the EU, they would not have been entitled to the fundamental rights of the EU citizens. The only option available to them was the second method. Karl and sister Gabriel could acquire the rights of British citizenship following the process of naturalization, marital ties, the extension of awards or the expansion of business ties. They could have applied for a Residence Permit allowing them to live and work in the EU. For this, they would have been required to go through the process of Naturalization. This procedure would have required Karl and Gabriel to live and work in England legally (or any other EU co untry) for a considerable period of time. In this situation, Karl Kasparov chose to hide his actual identity in London and lived there assuming several fake identities. This would have created a hindrance in his application for the EU citizenship. Karl and Gabriel would have had to prove their legal identity during their stay in London from 2000-2008. Only then, they would have been eligible for applying for EU citizenship through the Naturalization process. After acquiring the EU citizenship, they would have been eligible to apply for a passport and a national identity proof of the EU. Thus, citizenship of the EU can be secured with the help of ‘birth, marriage, long-residency and family relations’.1 If Karl and Gabriel Kasparov had been successful in securing the citizenship of the EU, they would be granted certain basic rights. These privileges have been enumerated in the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. Karl and Gabriel would be accepted as citizens of the EU, with out interfering with their nationality of Kazakhstan. They would have been permitted to reside, travel and earn their living in any of the 27 member countries of the Union. They would have been accorded the right to vote in the European municipality and parliamentary elections. As citizens of the EU, they would be protected by the diplomatic and consulate authorities of England as well as any other EU country. In case of any dispute, Karl and Gabriel could have approached the European Ombudsman seeking justice. These citizenship rights have been described in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. In addition to this, Karl and Gabriel Kasparov would have been allowed to communicate with any EU institution in any of the official languages of the Union. They would have gained equal access to employment opportunities in the various Civil Services of the EU. Organizations in the EU would not be able to discriminate against them on the basis of their Kazakhstan nationality. In the event of any such unfair treatment, they would always have the provision of appealing to the European Justice Commission. In addition to these fundamental rights, the Lisbon Treaty empowered one million EU citizens to select any area of their interest and propose a related initiative to the European Commission. Following this treaty, Karl and Gabriel would be entitled to an innovative form of public participation along with the other European citizens. They would have

Cultural Diversity in Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Cultural Diversity in Organizations - Essay Example He states that the goal of managing diversity is "maximizing the ability of all employees to contribute to organization goals and to achieve their full potential unhindered by group identities, such as gender, race, nationality, age and departmental affiliation" (p 11). Cox also believes that diverse work teams are more creative and innovative and they consider more and better alternatives in decision making. Although Thomas believes that organizations should move beyond race and gender issues when considering diversity, racial/ethnic diversity is an important element of building a diverse organization. Globalization -- through the increased mobility of people, economic liberalization, new communication technologies, and industry consolidation -- is highlighting the importance of cultural diversity within and between states. In 1999, in addition to its ongoing work and building on the foundation of its "Our Creative Diversity" (1995) and Stockholm Action Plan (1998), UNESCO held a number of events to further explore key cultural diversity issues: a symposium on pluralism (January 1999), a conference on cultural diversity and trade (June, 1999), and a Round Table of Ministers of Culture "Culture and Creativity in a Globalised World" in November 2000. The G-7, in their summit declaration on Principles for an Information Society in Brussels in 1995, recognized the importance of preserving linguistic and cultural diversity in new and emerging technologies. Since its inception in 1949, the Council of Europe has developed its cultural activities around defending and extending a plurality of cultural identities. In 1998, the OAS approved the Inter-American Program of Culture, designed to support the efforts being undertaken by member states and foster cooperation between them in the areas of cultural diversity, dissemination and protection of cultural heritage, human resource training, creativity incentives, and promotion of cultural tourism. The U.S. government recognizes that culture and cultural difference have a major impact on foreign policy - from issues ranging from trade to ethnicity to gender. Recent discussions about cultural diversity in the Administration reveal a recognition that the U.S.'s status as an international cultural powerhouse gives it the potential to overpower other national cultures. One of the few exceptions to the generalization of cultural diversity involves the proscription of turbans in a workforce that uses helmets as part of their normal work (Sherwood v. Brown, 1980) unwarranted. In 1992 and 1994 the CEO of the oldest French multinational, Saint-Gobain, emphasized that the strategy of a multinational is deeply influenced by the nationality of its main shareholders. For him, in their relationship to their customers and to their workforce, multinationals can learn from national differences but also can try to transcend them, and the trend is towards more convergence. A good example of this promising path is given by the changes achieved in the early 1990s by Renault's automobile plant in Slovenia, whose workers dramatically increased both productivity and quality. One must judge between those corporations that deliberately tried to build a genuine language and culture (e.g., IBM) and of those that take cultural diversit

The Berlin Blockade Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

The Berlin Blockade - Research Paper Example During World War ii, Britain, France, the United States, and the Soviet Union banded together to form the allied powers in order to fight and overcome Germany.   The war was brutal and left devastation in its wake.   After the war, the main question was what to do with conquered Germany.   The Soviet Union, Britain, and the United States convened at Potsdam in Berlin for a conference which lasted from 16 July until 2 August. 1945.   This was the third conference held by the allies after the war in which decisions were taken as how to restore Europe and deal with Germany.   The leaders who attended were: Stalin of the Soviet Union, Truman of the United States and Churchill of Britain who was replaced by Attlee who had become the new Prime Minister of Britain.   Already, the tension was displayed between the Soviet Union who practiced Communism and the Western powers who had adopted Capitalism.   The Potsdam Agreement was signed during the conference, which led to the cre ation of a four-power allied control council [ACC] to govern Germany.   The allied council was made up of Britain, The Soviet Union, The United States, and France.   They were each given a zone in Germany to govern.   Berlin, the capital of Germany, fell within the Soviet Union’s zone; fearing that The Soviet Union would gain an advantage by this, the other three powers insisted that Berlin is divided into four separate sections. The Soviet Union’s zone was mainly made up of fertile agricultural land that produced most of Germany’s food; while, the British and the United States’ zones were more industrial in nature and had to rely on foodstuff from The Soviet Union.   The allies planned to limit Germany’s industrial capacity in order to ensure that it would never again be able to achieve remilitarization.   Britain, who occupied the zone least capable of conducting agriculture, disagreed with this resolution and fought for a greater indus trial output by Germany, tightly controlled by the allies, so that Germany may become a major trading partner.   Due to the lack of an agreement on this matter, each country administered its zone as it saw fit.  

Cultural Diversity in Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Cultural Diversity in Organizations - Essay Example He states that the goal of managing diversity is "maximizing the ability of all employees to contribute to organization goals and to achieve their full potential unhindered by group identities, such as gender, race, nationality, age and departmental affiliation" (p 11). Cox also believes that diverse work teams are more creative and innovative and they consider more and better alternatives in decision making. Although Thomas believes that organizations should move beyond race and gender issues when considering diversity, racial/ethnic diversity is an important element of building a diverse organization. Globalization -- through the increased mobility of people, economic liberalization, new communication technologies, and industry consolidation -- is highlighting the importance of cultural diversity within and between states. In 1999, in addition to its ongoing work and building on the foundation of its "Our Creative Diversity" (1995) and Stockholm Action Plan (1998), UNESCO held a number of events to further explore key cultural diversity issues: a symposium on pluralism (January 1999), a conference on cultural diversity and trade (June, 1999), and a Round Table of Ministers of Culture "Culture and Creativity in a Globalised World" in November 2000. The G-7, in their summit declaration on Principles for an Information Society in Brussels in 1995, recognized the importance of preserving linguistic and cultural diversity in new and emerging technologies. Since its inception in 1949, the Council of Europe has developed its cultural activities around defending and extending a plurality of cultural identities. In 1998, the OAS approved the Inter-American Program of Culture, designed to support the efforts being undertaken by member states and foster cooperation between them in the areas of cultural diversity, dissemination and protection of cultural heritage, human resource training, creativity incentives, and promotion of cultural tourism. The U.S. government recognizes that culture and cultural difference have a major impact on foreign policy - from issues ranging from trade to ethnicity to gender. Recent discussions about cultural diversity in the Administration reveal a recognition that the U.S.'s status as an international cultural powerhouse gives it the potential to overpower other national cultures. One of the few exceptions to the generalization of cultural diversity involves the proscription of turbans in a workforce that uses helmets as part of their normal work (Sherwood v. Brown, 1980) unwarranted. In 1992 and 1994 the CEO of the oldest French multinational, Saint-Gobain, emphasized that the strategy of a multinational is deeply influenced by the nationality of its main shareholders. For him, in their relationship to their customers and to their workforce, multinationals can learn from national differences but also can try to transcend them, and the trend is towards more convergence. A good example of this promising path is given by the changes achieved in the early 1990s by Renault's automobile plant in Slovenia, whose workers dramatically increased both productivity and quality. One must judge between those corporations that deliberately tried to build a genuine language and culture (e.g., IBM) and of those that take cultural diversit

The story of stuff Essay Example for Free

The story of stuff Essay Since the beginning of civilization, man has been working for sufficing his personal and community needs. What started as a need to survive has transformed into a vicious cycle of consuming the planet to sustain selfish desires. The movie â€Å"the story of stuff† is an excellent recreation of the actual happenings that have made people victims of their own desires. The movie very carefully first lays down the concept of the functioning of our natural resources that is to be known or rather shown to us from many years. Once the normal routine is shown, the movie takes us to a ride which explains every single facet right from natural resource extracted for production, then to distribution and later to consumption and disposal. The movie is very cleverly made and it leaves no stone unturned for the concept to reach to its viewer with the medium of simple animation. With excellent narration the movie reaches out and explains aspects that actually are not give much thought about for instance, when natural resources are send into toxin oozing factories in third world countries, the pollution which is left by the these factories not only affects the third world country but also the rich western country as currents take the pollution back to them. The movie also sheds light on issues such toxins being used in companies and later when the product for which it was used is all set to be disposed the toxins inside it become super toxins like dioxin which are very harmful for everything. It has been a known fact that the resources of this world are being used in large quantities, but the movie explains the part that not only it is being used in huge bilks but also the rate in which a product is being injected in the market and later disposed is awe striking.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The movie does a fantastic job in reminding us that in the midst of all the luxury and infinite products to choose from we are self immolating ourselves as apart from the natural resources and the environment, we are polluting the word mankind itself. The concept of how a cheap product is actually made and has a low rate not only makes one think but also one starts feeling guilt as people from all around the world have to pay away with their lives their environment for a product to be cheaper than cheap. The movie leaves its viewer with a heart sunk feeling and just makes the viewer open his eyes to places he had closed for his own benefits. The ugly nexus of corporations and government is shown in such a way that makes one think, that can government for its own profits make corporations bigger while completing ignoring the hazard that is going to be caused by it. ‘The story of stuff’, is a remarkable film which in a very simplistic fashion explains the destruction happening and warns of a bigger destruction waiting at the corner. The movie inspires and makes its viewers think about investing in green chemistry and sustainability along with zero waste theory that would help people to live a life where they are more than just obnoxious consumers for greedy companies. The following stanza explains the need for a change to save the planet: ‘One of the keys to mainstreaming  environmental sustainability is by making it easy for people to do the right thing, rather than requiring an extra effort to chose the environmentally preferable option’ (Annie Leonard). Work Cited: 1) Annie Leonard, â€Å"The Ugly Side of the Beauty Industry†. http://www.storyofstuff.com/blog/

Ethics in Public Administration

Ethics in Public Administration What are ethics, and why do they matter for public administrators? Ethics are very dependable within a certain setting, but can differ greatly between contexts. All through the world, business organizations and different callings lead every day exercises that oblige norms of ethical conduct. To pass on an organizations goals, standards, and objectives most organizations build up a code of ethics that defines the behavior of what others can expect (Shafritz, J., Russell, E, 2011). Ethics is so important in business because it gives a company greater credibility. Strong work ethnics are vital.Ethnics is a very important matter for public administration. Ethnics impacts public administrators in a variety of way. Throughout the day, businesses, organizations, and administrators, do daily activities that involve standards of ethical behavior. In public administration there levels of ethnics. There are four main levels of ethnics in public administration. The first ethnic moral is personal morality which means it is the basic of what is right and what is wrong. Many factors can lead to this such as religious beliefs, cultural factors, social factors, friends and family (Shafritz, J., Russell, E, 2011). Personal ethics are different for each person, but people want to be known as a good person not a bad. Professional ethics in public administration state that a person should act â€Å"professional† in a business or at work. Employees should have strong work ethnics to work more complete as well as being more honest. Employees who uphold strong personal ethnics will meet goals faster of a business or organization in which they work. Ethical employees can also increase a company’s reputation and the services it provides. Next organizational ethics is essential. An organization should uphold strong standards to be on top. Strong standards insures more people will look up to the organization or company. Organizational ethnics can help the organization in its programs, policies, stands, and even business making decisions. Organizational ethics gives a business a strong reputation and creates more productivity. Leaders create more organizational ethnics. Leaders create strong ethnics so employees will behave better, reward more employees who work strong with integrity, and discipline employees with poor work ethics. A good organization culture real does improve the morale among employees in a business, which can create more productivity. Also customers will want to go back to organizations and businesses who hold very high standards (Shafritz, J., Russell, E, 2011). Shafritz, J., Russell, E. (2011). Introducing public administration (7th ed.). Boston: Longman. Discuss the ways in which accountability affects public administrators. How is accountability balanced with efficiency? Democracy stands in the way of efficiency in many instances. Since democracy is multiple people making decisions on what they believe to be the best solution sometimes isn’t. Making a popular decisions isn’t always the most efficient decision. However, with democracy many people are sublime by the decisions they make because a majority agree with the decision. The government doesn’t seek out what is best for all citizens but only does want the majority of them want. A government such as a democracy, waste a lot of money campaigning and puts and unneeded strain on the economy for funding purposes. For democracy a majority population only decides on candidates for a political office from given list, and then the politicians decide instead of the rest of population. To be more efficient it is more important than ethics and accountability correlate. If a government is efficient they will be producing more and have a higher GDP. What people want most is for the government to create the conditions in which they can have a comfortable quality of life, and find happiness. If I had to choose a government I would choose democracy. Democracy is a word and an idea that whips up a great deal of emotion and idealism in people all over the world. While there is no perfect or universal definition of democracy, it is generally accepted that it refers to a political system in which all the citizens have a say in who governs their country, and how their country is governed. To most people, democracy is also a belief in the freedom of the individual to express his or her opinions. Democracy represents the views and notions of all the citizens of the country, whether majorities or minorities. Democracy allows various people to rule the country through the represe ntatives and gives a dignity to the people. What is meant by the â€Å"machinery† of government? According to Machinery of government, guidance and information, Machinery of Government refers to the structures of government and how they work. It includes organizations within the government, their functions, and how they all work together and see how the public is working. Machinery of Government changes are terms that are commonly used to describe organizational or functional changes affecting the public. In the US, the Machinery of government, is less conventional and less likely to change compared to other countries such as Britain and Australia. Machinery of government changes generally occur in the period immediately after a general election. However, a Machinery of government change can happen a person in charge such as the president or prime minster. Undergoing a machinery of government change can be challenging. Agencies are required to consider a vast number of issues and deal with wide-ranging matters, some of which can be very complex and time-consuming.In an article a bout Machinery change of government it includes may examples such as abolishing a government department by transferring its functions to other government departments, creating a government department, merging two or more government departments, and moving functions in to or out of government departments. Machinery of Government is hard to put in place. One example of Machinery of Government is if a minister wanted to create a new department, then they have to move responsibilities around. Shafritz, J., Russell, E. (2011). Introducing public administration (7th ed.). Boston: Longman. 1. What are the differences between Scientific Management, Orthodoxy, Neoclassical Organizational Theory, and Modern Organizational Theory? Many theories and principles come into play for public administration. First Scientific Management is a theory that can help and improve productivity of a business or organization. Scientific management techniques improve the way tasks are performed and makes it easier for workers to be trained in their particular field. Scientific management increases productivity greatly. For example, a manager could increase production over 200% and reduce workers by 75% by increasing the size of a shovel. Scientific management is made up of four principles. First, finding the best way to do a task, secondly match each worker to task they can do well, thirdly, supervise workers and use rewards or punishments when needed, and lastly management should plan and control. Next orthodoxyis now often used with position to Public Administration in the 1920s and 1930s to show an excellence of general agreement and confidence. In the period of orthodoxy in public administration, work of government could be divided between decision-making and execution. Orthodoxy had many ideas such as true democracy is efficient, work of the government could be divided by decision makers and execution. Also administration was a science with many discoverable principles and theories. Next, the Neoclassical Organizational Theory emphasized on employee welfare and a company’s organization structure. This theory played an important role in human needs. The neoclassical hypothesis was an endeavor at joining the behavioral sciences into administration thought to tackle the issues brought on by traditional hypothesis rehearses. The reason of this was on the idea that the part of administration is to utilize representatives to accomplish things in associations. Instead of spotlight on creation, structures, or innovation, the neoclassical hypothesis concentrated with the representative. Neoclassical scholars focused on noting inquiries identified with the most ideal approach to rouse, structure, and help workers inside the association. Studies in this time, including the Hawthorne Studies, uncovered that social components, for example, representative connections were an important element for managers to consider. It was thought that any manager who neglected to re cord for the social needs of his or her worker could hope to manage safety and lower execution. Representatives expected to discover some inherent esteem in their employments, which they surely were not landing from the position that was much institutionalized. As opposed to putting representatives into occupation parts, where they finished one particular undertaking throughout the day with practically no collaboration with associates, workers could be organized in such a path, to the point that they would regularly impart errands, data, and information with each other. The belief was that once workers were set into alternative structure, their requirements for socialization would be satisfied, and subsequently they would be more productive Lastly, the Modern Organizational Theory gives one an insight on the study and processes of organizations. The organization theory makes it easy to explain the relationship og the organization and its surroundings. The goal of this theory is to clarify why an organization has structure such as power, control and coordination. This theory aims to understand why certain organizations used different structures and organizational processes. Shafritz, J., Russell, E. (2011). Introducing public administration (7th ed.). Boston: Longman. http://pubad-ias.blogspot.com/2011/08/frederick-taylor-and-scientific.html 2. What is â€Å"Personnel†? Why and how does it matter for governments? Personnel is very important in the government. It gives organization and federal agencies the best possible and most qualified employees. The Pendleton Act of 1883 and Hatch Act of 1939 has greatly shaped personnel in various organizations. First the Pendleton Act gave federal government jobs be awarded on the basis of quality. The act stated that government employees should be picked through strategic assessments. The Pendleton Act has transformed the nature of public services. Many people now find jobs in federal agencies. The act greatly improved the civil service of the US. It also interrupted the spoils system, which was custom to presidential administrations. In today’s society many parts of the 1833 Pendleton Act come to place. In today’s time, one can now fire or demote a government employee which they did in 1833 also. Also in today’s world personnel has to take examinations to get into certain jobs. A lot of personnel also have adopted the Hatch Act of 1939 in today’s society. This act prevents federal government members who don’t have clear political roles, such as the pres ident, from intervening in political activity. For example a mailman can’t run for state senate. They don’t really have any political background. The hatch act makes it difficult for government personnel to use authority that can interfere with elections which is still in effect today. Both of these acts have played a big role in government personnel right now, and the US has mirrored these acts in today’s society as well. The Pendleton Act of 1883 emerged when the assassination of President James A Garfield occurred. An office seeker of a government official is sought to have ordered the attack. The U.S. legislation recognized a law, which presented employment based on value rather than on political party relationship that leads to bribery in the government system. Widespread public requests for reform in the government was motivated after the Civil War by allegations of incompetence, corruption, and theft in a lot of federal departments. This act improved civil services of the US. This act is still used in the US today. Providing sfor the open selection of government employees and guaranteeing the right of citizens to compete for federal jobs without regard to politics, religion, race, or national origin. The new law covered only about 10 percent of the positions in the federal government, but nearly every president after Chester A. Arthur, who signed the bill into law, broadened its scope. By 1980 m ore than 90 percent of federal employees were protected by the act of Hatch. Both of these acts have greatly shaped government personnel and in other organizations as well. The Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 was huge for system principles. The Act also gave reform to personnel practices that we even use today. The act was passed under President Carter. He made the bureaucracy more manageable. This act lets federal employees join a collective bargaining. Protection Board was created to provide recourse for angry employees. The Civil Service Act also provided the employees of US with a real, and productive workforce to improve public services. Federal employees should be made consistent with merit system principles. So it rejuvenated wreaked systems and replaced them with a quality system for choosing government workers. It also made the US Civil Service Commission divide into 2 agencies. First, the Office of Personnel Management, and the Merit Systems. Also the Office of Personnel Management (OPM). So all in all the Civil Service Reform Act covered a wide diversity of management reforms, including creation of the Office of Personnel Management (OPM), a nd the Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB). These new agencies replaced the former U.S. Civil Service Commission which didn’t work well and were very corrupt. Ethics in Public Administration Ethics in Public Administration Accountability in public administration is a very important aspect to civil service in every country. Dr. Beaumaster defined accountability as an objective responsibility which involves responsibility to someone, or some collective body (2010). Integrity, transparency and accountability are basic principles of public administration; therefore, governments must have a checks and balances systems that ensures the honesty and integrity of their local bureaucracies. These principles must be adopted and exercised in the country as well as in public administration. Accountability must be carried out in administration in order to have a transparent and integral government system. Although transparency, integrity, and honesty are all intertwined, they are different things. Transparency refers to the reliability in information keeping and providing citizen services for the country. Integrity refers to honest ethical practices, which deter corruption in the administration of public services. Public administrators and state heads must develop accountability criteria that is fair and not one sided. All public administrators and political leaders must be aware of these rules and regulations to abide by so that there are no weaknesses in the process, which can be taken for granted by the public servants and politicians. The first basic step in the accountability process in public administration is to recognize the efficacy of power. According to McKinney and Howard (1998), the power or authority is necessary to carry out any development program; however, transparency, integrity and accountability can not be obtained by simply cutting powers of administrators (p. 463-470). The struggle for attaining more and more power between bureaucrats, presents an issue. And if this power struggle is not eliminated, this is a conflict that has potential to become progressively worse in the future. Accountability is a complex process. Government agencies have to address and tackle abuse, which is a practice that is essential in attaining government and public goals. Public trust of bureaucracy and government is very important in a democratic country and this can be only achieved by having a fair and strong accountability process in the country. Coercive political power takes place when a public officer takes advantage of their power and misuses it for self-benefit rather than the publics good. When this occurs, it breaks trust of citizens and lowers public opinion towards public administrators and the government itself. The unethical decisions and acts performed by the public officials are also within the realm of accountability. The other types of issues in public administration which may arise are blaming of errors on other officers then oneself, leaking confidential information (i.e. whistle-blowing), fabricating time/quality/quantity and reports, misusing of expenses allowed, taking gifts/favors in exchange of preference or personal benefits to clients, taking unnecessary days off and taking extra time for breaks like lunch and dinner, are some examples of acts by public administrators that jeopardize transparency, accountability, honesty, and integrity (Gordon and Milakovich, 2009, p. 93-95). In short, accountability is the process for ensuring that public monies and powers must be used effectively and with honesty for public services only. There must be no misuse of any public power or money by the public administrators and government itself. This also brings trust relationship between the public and the government and its departments. Accountability is a process which must be adopted in every department of the country. Efficiency and Effectiveness Efficiency and effectiveness are important in public administration. Efficiency and effectiveness are desired in every aspect of public administration. An example of this is proper spending of citizens tax dollars. Tax payers monies must be used effectively and efficiently; therefore, utilization of funds must be careful, constructive and productive on order to carry out the overall good of the public. Effective public administration if of fundamental importance because the public needs services delivered in a timely manner. In order to ensure proper implementation of programs and services, political demands of the ruling government adopt low cost efficient and effective processes based on the public interest of the country. Efficiency refers to attaining a goal of providing the best services possible for the least amount of money and resources. It is always important to provide optimal public services for the least amount of cost, especially during todays economic hardships. Effectiveness refers to making sure the work done is according to public demands, accountability process is carried out and democratic process is observed (Box, 2009, p. 254-255). The decisions made in the public sector are according to demands of the public, which are revealed through discussions between citizens, discovering issues, developing policies and rules, and managing public administrators to implement services and programs. Public administration can be effective and efficient if the processes adopted by public administrators are efficient, fast and according to needs of the government and public. E-government processes bring efficiency and effectiveness in the public sector by minimizing the time scales on public level and inter-department communication and processes. E-government enables the public administrators and departments to offer citizen service through one click and their precious time saved. E-government includes online services provided to citizens of the country. This increases the efficiency and effectiveness in spending public money and for right purpose (Cloete and Petroni, 2005, p. 148-149). E-government has assisted in eliminating time spent standing in long lines and has helped to reduce the red tape that citizens are forced to deal with in many public institutions. The success of any government and public administration can be measured by efficiency and effectiveness. Public opinion regarding effectiveness and efficiency can be measured from time to time by conducting satisfaction surveys, consultations with people directly, and direct individual interaction. From a government policy making standpoint, legislation must be made with the publics interests in mind. Policies must be designed and implemented in accordance with how the public feels their hard-earned tax dollars should be spent. In conclusion, efficiency and effectiveness are two basic principles of public administration and both must be present in any successful agency. Public administrations that design policies with consultation of the public, consider their requirements and also take feedback about their policies are successful with spending the publics money honestly, effectively and reliably. The spending of public money must be done according to citizens needs and different tools can be adopted for finding what the public needs and requires by the government and public administration. Public services must be delivered effectively and efficiently so that there most of the output can be achieved with the public money and resources. The Legitimacy of the Administrative State Legitimacy is all about the source of power and who has it (Beaumaster, 2010). The legitimacy of the administrative state claims that it offers opportunities to community engagement and also provides a method for scientific decision making. Rohr (1986) emphasized that the blending of executive, legislative, and judicial powers are aligned according to the separation of powers in a democratic community (p. 35). Rohr argued that the legitimacy of the administrative state was originally meant for the American Senate. It provides a sustainability and permanence to the government system of America and plays a balancing role in different constitutional departments of the country government. The Senate also focuses on the limitations present in representations in the House of Representatives. The legitimacy of the administrative state empowers future public administrators for playing their own autonomous role by selecting one of the constitutional masters that might clash with one another (Spicer, 2007, p. 2-3). Rohr (1986) worked on two basic principles: the people of the country if follow illegitimate powers and this is happening in present political environment, a legitimate state must be present to avoid such things (p. 35). Questions regarding the legitimacy of the administrative state emerged two centuries ago. The legitimacy was questioned because the constitution did not provide the bases for organizations. Citizens must trust their government because legitimacy can only be achieved when their trust is garnered. The legitimacy of the public administrative state can be accomplished by means of expertise, public service, leadership qualities, and vision. Public administrators are responsible for the legitimacy of the state by having direct communication with the community by using their bureaucratic expertise, vision of the government, political leadership and best public service delivery. The legitimacy of the administrative state brings the sustainability to the country and ultimately to the state itself. In conclusion, Legitimacy of the administrative state has four sources: constitution, legal, public perception, and professionalism (Beaumaster, 2010). They must deliver effective citizen services with honesty and ensure that the vision of the government is achieved. These efforts bring the legitimacy of the state in view point of the people of the country. The state is considered as stable and strong in terms of its constitution and legislative actions. The legitimacy of the administrative state also empowers the government to accomplish their policies and people who elected them to the house must trust them to bring legitimacy. In Saudi Arabia the women cannot travel abroad without the permission of responsible man such as father, brother, and husband. Males in Saudi Arabia has the ultimate power and authority; they are legitimates because they have some power that woman dont have. Even in some workplaces like government and public sector services, there are some certain jobs that are male dominant. So those males have legitimacy that females dont have. Moreover, children under eighteen cant travel without permission of male guardian. So, those male guardians have legitimacy because they have ultimate power and authority. Also the Customs inspector and Passport officers have legitimacy to stop anybody in the airport. They have the power and authority to do so. They also have to use ethics in their decision making so they will not be held accountable for any mistaken situation. The Politics-Administration Dichotomy The Politics/Administration Dichotomy idea was explained by Woodrow Wilson in his article The Study of Administration. This article is considered the backbone of public administration. The dichotomy offers an enduring image to elected political members, public officers, and students of the public administration. This depicts the real issues of policy and administration decisions which struck in government. Politicians or elected members are liable for policy making and agenda setting. Policy decisions and policy and program implementation is the responsibility of public servants. This dichotomy is meant for eliminating politics in the government departments and leaving elected politicians within the realm of legislation. Svara (1998) explained that observations have shown that it is effective to create boundaries of public administration and develop a normative relationship between public administrators and elected politicians in a democratic community (p. 51-58). Wilson suggested that a dichotomy is inevitable because government policies must be via politics while its enforcement must be non-political administration. He also emphasized a more business-like approach to civil service and stressed that public administration is indeed a science of its own irrelevant of political science. Wilsons theories assisted in forming the foundation of American bureaucracies in the early 1940s. The politics-administration dichotomy had been in existence in Europe a century earlier. According to scholarly research, Sapru (2006) claims that Wilsons findings that were presented in The Study of Administration regarding the dichotomy are ambiguous (p. 56). For the first time in American history, Wilson changed the mindset of public administration by viewing from a scientific, systematic perspective. Wilsons dichotomy also encouraged that the government recruit professionally educated bureaucrats in order to achieve a professional administration in America. Adopting this dichotomy meant making partisan-based appointments and the utilization of political power to get support for certain policies and programs. He was also successful in creating an image of government where administrators were dependent on political and partisan chief executives of the country due to a centralized approach to government. Wilson believed that administrators had to be granted a certain amount of discretionary decision making power by their chief executives in order to be efficient. Brownlow (1956) was a famous consultant of public administration matters who praised the idea of politics-administration dichotomy presented by Woodrow Wilson. Brownlow believed that Wilson laid a foundation for a study program that allowed anyone in the country who is interested in art or the science of public administration to research the topic (Brownlow, 1956). In the modern era, Woodrow Wilsons role in public administration is not denied. However, it might be argued whether he is the founder of public administration or only a dominant personality for the growth of public administration in America. Wilsons essay about public administration was part of the administration and politics as the social, political and intellectual ferment till the 19th century (Durham, 1940, p. 1-6). Wilsons essay presented ideas on how to approach and successfully conquer a rapidly changing American economy through social and political-administrative order. The Issue of Representation Representation is also a crucial pillar that relates to who should represent the will of the people according to Dr.Beaumaster(2010). The issue of representation is present across the globe in public administration. This issue comprises on gender, race, or ethnicity factors. The public administration of any country must be comprised of all races, genders and ethnic groups. The effective representative bureaucracy offers a public administration of all people in terms of demographics so that true representation of all groups is involved in decision making process of the public administration and government. The active representation occurs in bureaucracy when they represent the views of those with similar demographic backgrounds (Box, 2007, p. 138-139). Representation issues must be decreased in order to increase the quality of public services. Female representation is another major issue in public administration due to lack of representation of females. American governments have historically been dominated by the white male and men typically hold political positions and chief executive offices. Diversity needs to be present in public officials so that diversified issues like religious, ethnic, gender or any other demographic issues can be properly and fairly addressed. Individuals belonging to lower socioeconomic classes must be represented, as well. The American government is based on an idea of equity; therefore, a government that recognizes diversity is one that is representative of all populations. In the event representation lacks within certain populations (i.e. minority populations), then there is a chance those of the power elite receive the most representation. The representation of the African American population is less when compared to the representation that the Caucasian population has historically received, which has caused problems for black communities across the United States. Furthermore, lack of representation of the black communities has resulted their distrust of government officials and agencies (Mosher, 1994, p. 142.) Representation issues are heightened when immigrant and minority populations are represented inadequately in public administration. This also creates miscommunication and does not develop trust relationships among immigrants and public administrators. Similarly, race, ethnic and gender issues create problems. Environments of this nature also compromise efficiency and effectiveness. Representation must be according to the demographics of the country, state and local level. All people must have their proper representation. Females must have their own representation in the public administration as well as in House of Representatives so that all policies and rules are made according to the needs of the females in the country. Minorities must also be represented in government and in public administration so that the laws will be aligned according to their religions and independent beliefs. In conclusion, the true representation of every class must be present in the administrative departments and government. This true representation enables government and administrators to develop and implement according to the needs of the people in specific demographics. Equal gender rights must be present in the country and community and this is only possible when there is equal representation of males and females in the decision making process. The responsible public administrator Cooper presented the idea of The responsible public administrator in which he suggested that the primary responsibility of the public administrator is to deal with public interest with honesty and common good responsibility which emerges from the fiduciary role of public administration (Boje, 2008, p. 72). According to this theory, public administrators are individuals that rely upon their own expertise and neutrality. The actions they take are based on scientific and neutral principles. Cooper emphasized that a responsible public administrator knows how to decide an ethical choice in which one might be involved in right action versus wrong action and even sometimes right action versus right action. The individual must build up the skills of moral imagination which involves the capability to create a movie in our minds which must consider the dynamics of the environment in which ethical choice must be taken care (Menzel, 2007, p. 54). Also, Svara indicated that accountability is required in government and nonprofit organization. Being responsible and accountable for action are very important for ethical administration (2007). No government in the world is perfect. Mistakes and corruptions always happen because we are human being not angels. According to Madison in the Federalist paper 51. If men were angels, no government would be necessaryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(Kettl, 2003). The goal of the responsible public administrator is to practice good ethics, develop a creative reflection of a situation, while laying down the public service values (Cooper, 1990, p. 6). This emphasized how public servants are held responsible by the public and elected officials to act ethically and not take advantage of their powers. Public administrators must behave ethically during the administration of public service and practice making value-based decisions while performing their duties. Public administrators that are responsible know when take the right action versus the wrong action. Poor ethical practices can be detrimental to an agencys success. Ethical decisions must be in compliance with the mission, vision, and values of the organization. Coopers framework provides a solid base for all aspects of public administration within the realm of decision making. Cooper stressed that public administrator must balance professional, personal, and organizational values. This framework enables public servants while they are performing their duties to make decisions neutrally and ethically. Their decisions must be according to the rules and regulations of the government and must not violate any political and governmental rules. The framework not only reiterates the importance of wise ethical practices, but it also demands that their actions remain ethical and practically neutral. Svara(2007) stated Public administrator has sufficient independence to be responsible for the action. In conclusion, the responsible public administrator is important for the integrity of democratic societies. Citizens of the country benefit when public administrators handle local and national social matters neutrally, ethically, and in accordance with the law. The democratic government is more likely to be successful if they have responsible public servants because they are the ones that are primarily in charge of implementation. Responsible administrators engage in ethical decision making practices that benefit the entire society, not just themselves. Responsible administrators are committed and dedicated to carrying out the overall public good.

Art History of Central America :: essays papers

Art History of central America Chavin de Huantar was located in Peru and developed around 900 B.C. late in the Initial Period. At an elevation of 3,150 m., Chavin de Huantar was situated at the bottom of Cordillera Blanca’s eastern slopes, approximately halfway between tropical forests and coastal plains. At the intersection of major routes, Chavin de Huantar was in the position to control the routes, increase their exchange with others, and receive goods that were not natural to their area. Chavin de Huantar was an agricultural society, home to a fairly large population. The Old Temple was built during the late Initial Period and it was the â€Å"center of supernatural power and authority.† It was a U-shaped platform opening to the east with a circular courtyard in the center. The Old Temple also consisted of numerous passageways and chambers underground called galleries. These galleries were used for storage chambers, religious rites, and possibly temporary or permanent living for small groups working with temple activities. The Lanzon Gallery is located at the very center of the Old Temple. It was where the sculpture of the Lanzon was found. The Lanzon, the supreme deity of Chavin de Huantar, is anthropomorphic. With its feline head and human body, it has intertwined the feline deity of Chavin de Huantar and the shaman of the pre-Chavin period. For the pre-Chavin period, the object of worship was the feline, but this was gradually changed. By the time of Chavin de Huantar, it was anthropomorphic. During this time, it was believed that priests could become jaguars and interact with the supernatural forces. This was achieved by taking hallucinogenic drugs as part of rituals at the Old Temple. There are many sculptures that decorate the Old Temple depicting the transformation of the priests. There have been mortars, pestles, conch-shell trumpets, and many other items with anthropomorphic design found and thought to be associated with Chavin rituals. The New Temple â€Å"forms a continuum† with the Old Temple. The same belief system continues and there is evidence of the same rituals. The New Temple also has galleries and plazas. The Lanzon, although in a different stance, continues to be a symbol of mediation and harmony. The right hand of the deity holds a Strombus shell, for male forces, and the left hand holds a Spondylus shell, for the female forces. The New Temple, however, did not replace the Old Temple.

Factory Labor and the Domestic Sphere in the Lowell Offering Essay

In 1822, a group of Boston merchants and traders began their campaign to transform a riverbank below the thirty-foot falls of the Merrimack River into "the greatest textile manufacturing establishment in the country." These capitalists dug and improved the Merrimack canal, constructed machine shops, and built housing for mill executives, foremen and operatives. The cotton mills of Lowell, Massachusetts, and other New England sites began to employ the first female industrial labor force in the United States. Almost twenty years later, factory workers wrote and edited the Lowell Offering, a literary magazine showcasing the virtues and talents of the female operatives in verse, essays and short fiction (Eisler, 13-22). This ESSAY discusses the female Lowell factory worker as portrayed in the Offering. Although the magazine never expressed an overtly feminist view of the factory girls' condition, nor invoked a working-class consciousness similar to later labor expressions in Lowell, there is evidence of a narrative strategy and ideology speaking both to the factory women and the middle-class readership outside of the mill town. The paper's short stories, epistolary narratives and commentaries seek to legitimize an operatives' role within the feminine ideal of domesticity. In conforming to the norms of feminine literature, the Offering reconstructs the operatives' character. It subordinates the evidence for independence or autonomy to relate stories of familial or sentimental ties binding the factory girl to the world outside of factory life. The magazine sought to provide an answer to this question: given her new liberties, what kept the "factory girl" from losing contact with her moral sentiments? To a great degree, the economi... ..., 1820-1865. Columbia Studies in American Culture Series (New York: Columbia University Press, 1942): 13-14. Cott, Nancy F. The Bonds of Womanhood: "Woman's Sphere" in New England, 1780-1835. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1977. Dublin, Thomas. Women at Work: the Transformation of Work and Community in Lowell, Massachusetts, 1826-1860. New York: Columbia University Press, 1979. Dublin, Thomas. "Women, work and protest in the early Lowell Mills: `the oppressing hand of avarice would enslave us.'" Labor History 16(1975): 99-116. Eisler, Benita. The Lowell Offering: Writings by New England Mill Women (1840-1845). New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1977. Welter, Barbara. "The Cult of True Womanhood." The Many-Faceted Jacksonian Era: New Interpretations. Contributions in American History, number 67, Edward Pessen, ed. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1977.

Merging Context Between Past, Present and Future

Unifying context between past, present and futureIn order to understand how the physical environment of the metropolis icons came approximately, one can look at it as a ‘whole ‘ and try to supply an reading of urban signifiers through their historical and cultural contexts. We will non cover with elements of urban signifiers, but look at the signifiers themselves as portion of a broader Muslim tradition.The PastThe saving of tradition plants at different degrees reflects if anything, differing modern-day maps and ideological demands ( e-g. the demand for legitimacy ) by ascendent elites or their challengers. On one degree, there is the attempt to continue the best illustrations of traditional edifices as examples, beginnings of modern-day inspiration and/or keepers of portion of what its carrier respect as their modern-day cultural individuality. On a different degree, the saving and reuse of single edifices in modern-day society raises serious functional and ideological jobs. Yet, such adaptative reuse appears to be the lone possibility of keeping verve for the edifices and avoiding the museum attack to of import elements of an organic life metropolis. The saving of a individual edifice, whether reused or non, is different from the saving of the character of an country and, here, different standards come into drama. Of these, the sense of urban context is a cardinal 1, as is the inquiry of graduated table, proportions, street alliances, fenestration, articulation of volumes, dealingss between solids and nothingnesss, and, most of all, activities permitted in the public infinite and inter-relationship between the public and private spheres. Decoding Symbols of the Past. Architects must get the edification to read the symbolic content of this heritage in a mode that enriches their ability to bring forth relevant edifices for today and tomorrow, and to steer the â€Å" authentification † attempts between the duplicate shoals of Kitsch and foreign wrongness. This edification can merely come through a reinforced educational procedure which engenders in future designers the critical sense required to decrypt the symbolic content of the yesteryear in a realistic, as opposed to an ideologically mystifying, manner. This, of class, necessitates a wide cognition of the methodological analysis every bit good as the content of historical surveies, a sense of the growing of societies as a procedure of consecutive efforts at tease and above all an ability to see the reinforced environment of the yesteryear as it was perceived by coevalss.Understanding the PresentThe societies of the universe are inescapably societies in passage, nevertheless much some members of those societies may seek to avoid this basic procedure by denying it, or by absolutising a past which exists merely in their ain heads as a counterbalance to the present world they deny and the hereafter which they fear. The demographic, proficient, economic, cultural, political and ideolog ical constituents of this passage procedure are good known. Submerging in a inundation of Western engineering and cultural imports that are often ill-matched to local conditions and insensitive to cultural traditions, societies are today fighting to make a cultural environment that provides them with a feasible sense of self-identity and which is suited to regional and national conditions. Authenticity for an Indonesian will non be the same as genuineness for a Moroccan. Yet there is this all right yarn of commonalty of the nature of the hunt with variableness of the conditions under which it is undertaken. This is portion of the originative mastermind of civilization, whose trademarks have ever been unity with diverseness. Contemporary â€Å" regionalism † must show itself in new and modern-day ways. This truism must be restated often in the face of a strong current that seeks safety in perpetuating the myth that traditional common architecture is adequate. This â€Å" flig ht into the past † must be forced to acknowledge the graduated table and engineering that progressively link and undergird the urban built environment. Slavish copying of the yesteryear is non the reply. For those who would seek, the dimensions of modern engineering and its related infrastructural demands will rapidly remind them that the way of excellence requires creativeness.Expecting and Fixing for the FutureA dateless continuity: reading the marks. Architects must be Masterss of a broad scope of accomplishments and their deployment – a scope fat greater than architectural instruction presently prepares them for. First, architects must be able to decrypt the yesteryear so they can understand how their predecessors viewed their yesteryear, nowadays, and hereafter. Armed with this comparative cognition, they must secondly try to read the marks and tendencies of the present. This is peculiarly slippery as, while edifices last a long clip, current tendencies may turn ou t passing, and become so within the infinite of a few old ages. Third, designers must non merely believe of their individual edifice, but of its relationship to the wider community. Fourth, and most significantly, they must draw all of this analysis together and design and implement a merchandise which, over its life-time, can rightly win a topographic point in the dateless continuity of universe architecture, as have the great edifices of the yesteryear which, speak of excellence, non of an age, but for all clip. ( Serageldin, Ismail, 1991 ) Significantly, the historical and civilizational deepness of a state drama a critical function in supplying drift toward contracting the technological spread which resulted in making two different universes. One is the topographic point of the human existences who belong to the industrial universe, and the other is for those who survive on minor industries. That chitchat generated more uncalled-for racism into this universe.([ I ])Amid these fortunes, the non-industrial states turned to centres for modern disaffection. All the activities associating to economic system have been ideologized, the specialised scientific finds were monopolized off from them, and by and large, steps were secured to maintain the human being of the less developed states in a province of scientific impairment to the involvement of the industrial states.([ two ])Some research workers predict that in the following three decennaries, the range of the scientific and technological subdivisions of cognition that a re clamant for the advancement of states will be identified. This is because, in the approaching period, the modern-day coevals will witness the hugest scientific and technological promotions.([ three ])The scientific technological spread places the modern Arab idea in a lasting challenge, that is chiefly fiscal, because the Arab states, like in the western states, need to apportion fine-looking financess for scientific discipline and engineering in order to convey about a scientific rebellion in their states. The West calculatedly attempts to marginalise the function of the Arab person in the planetary production rates. Consequently, he will go a consumer of others’ productions, viz. western merchandises, intellectually every bit good as economically. The more the scientific technological spread grows, the more consumptive that single will go. Interrupting free from that technological dependance can be attained through uninterrupted scientific work and committedness, and through diging deeper in the field, and saving no clip in set uping strong fiscal and moral substructures. Time is running out more than of all time.([ four ])A group of exterior factors are created to model the Arab idea in a certain manner, as a agency of blockading the attempts done to recover an reliable individuality, and to maintain it from taking right stairss in the way of scientific and technological advancement. As affairs stand, it seems that the wars fought by the occupied states for independency had as pired for rational independency chiefly. The Arab states must prosecute in a scientific and technological competitory war in order to run into the challenges posed by West. It is of paramount importance to happen the route to this.([ V ]) Potentially, the basic stairss in pulling a program for development that agreements with our deep-seated Arab-Islamic cognitive rules can be achieved, chiefly through inventing modern-day scientific-based rational models. The map of these models will be to size up and polish the heritage in an honorable nonsubjective mode. As a consequence, a scientific Arab power of a distinguishable individuality will emerge to the universe with firm stairss.

Tort Law

In any given situation, it is evidently clear that the company should remain responsible and legally liable to their people or employe and among the consumers that patronize their product. Thus, should there be any accident and/or damages that badly harm these people in the course of exercising their duties, as employees and workers, the company could be held liable and sue to settle their legal obligations in shouldering the damages and lost of these people.As for the case of The Bug Plant located in Shady Town, USA, the employees and the vendor that have been attacked and robbed in the parking lot of the company could possibly file a law suit against the The Bug Plant under the legal offense of Negligence, as written in the Tort Law.Given the fact that the incidents of robbery against these people have happened within the premises of the company's grounds, wherein these people are working as the company's workers, both of the employees and the vendor could sue the company under the Tort Law, as it is evident that The Bug Plant has failed to ensure the safety and security of these people while staying and performing their duties and responsibilities for the company.More so, with the prior information that the Shady Town has been plagued with a recent crime wave, the case of Negligence could be filed against The Bug Plant, as the company failed to do the necessary adjustment to strengthen their company security and ensure the welfare of their people.Thus, The Bug Plant could be sued under the Tort Law, as they failed to exercise and meet the required standard of care in doing business. Lastly, The Bug Plant could use the notion that the incidents of robbery in the parking lot against the second shift employees have happened after their shift and/or beyond their official work hours, as the BUG's potential defense.On the other hand, The BUG Plant could also use the fact, as their defense, that the vendor who has been robbed, while waiting for the dock manager, is not their legal employee and that they do not have direct employment connection with this person and they should not be held liable for any damages. References Definition of Tort. (n. d. ). Retrieved June 12, 2009, from http://www. personal-injury-info. net/definition-of-tort. htm Product Liability. (n. d. ). Retrieved June 12, 2009, from http://www. personal-injury-info. net/product-liability. htm